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Posted by:
Phani Deepti
Article
viewed:
2255 times |
GENES and PROTEINS
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AN INTRODUCTION TO GENE:*:
Gene is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. A gene is an ordered sequence of nucleotides
(*{
i.e; A subunit of DNA or RNA consisting of
1.A nitrogenous base
( adenine,
guanine,
thymine, or
cytosine in DNA;
adenine,
guanine,
uracil, or
cytosine in RNA),
2.A phosphate molecule, and
3.A sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA)
}*)
located in a particular position on a particular chromosome that encodes a specific functional product.
**Thousands of nucleotides are linked to form a DNA or RNA molecule.
ABOUT CHROMOSOME:*:
And chromosome is the self-replicating genetic structures of cells containing the cellular DNA that bears in its nucleotide sequence the linear array of genes.
In prokaryotes, chromosomal DNA is circular, and the entire genome is carried on one chromosome. Eukaryotic genomes consist of a number of chromosomes whose DNA is associated with different kinds of proteins.
ABOUT DNA(Deoxy-ribo Nucleic Acid):*:
DNA is the molecule that encodes genetic information.
DNA is a double-stranded molecule held together by weak bonds between base pairs of nucleotides. The four nucleotides in DNA contain the bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In nature, base pairs form only between A and T and between G and C
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF GENETIC CODE?
The sequence of nucleotides, coded in triplets (codons) along the mRNA, that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. The DNA sequence of a gene can be used to predict the mRNA sequence, and the genetic code can in turn be used to predict the amino acid sequence
Any of a class of 20 molecules(THE AMINO ACIDS) that are combined to form proteins in living things. The sequence of amino acids in a protein and hence protein function in a living being are determined by the genetic code.
And now what is a GENE EXPRESSION?
The process by which a genes coded information is converted into the structures present and operating in the cell. Expressed genes include those that are transcribed into mRNA and then translated into protein and those that are transcribed into RNA but not translated into protein .
now the TASKS that are being performed are
1:to find out functional aspects of genetic code on the particular organism (research is going on)
2:to find out the evolutionary aspect of a particular enzyme in the life chart.
3:to predict the secondary as well teritiary structure of a given protein so as to relate it with diseases that arise because of that particular protein deficiency.
4:to find the mutations origin in the particular organism to check for abnormal changes -----
In Biology, a sudden, random change in a gene , or unit of hereditary material, that can alter an inheritable characteristic----this is termed as mutation
**Most mutations are not beneficial
When the mutation occurs in the germ cells (egg or sperm), the change can be transmitted to the next generation. Mutations that affect somatic cells can result in certain cancers ------reference http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/g1/gene-ent.asp
HENCE THE STUDY OF MUTATIONS OR EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES CAN BE STUDIED AT GENE LEVEL (ie; nucleotide sequence) OR AT PROTEIN LEVEL(the amino acid sequences which form the particular protein)
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The Existence of Cells