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Posted by:
Deepak
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BIOMETRICS SYSTEMS-1
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BIOMETRICS SYSTEMS-1
Introduction
Biometrics involves using the different parts of the body, such as the fingerprint or the eye, as a password or form of identification. Currently, Federal Bureau of Investigation use the fingerprints from a crime scene to find a criminal. However,biometrics is becoming more public. Iris scans are used in United Kingdom at ATM s instead of the normal codes.Practically all biometric system work in the same manner. First, a person is enrolled into a database using the specified method. Information about a certain characteristic of the human is captured. This information is usually placed through an algorithim that turns the information into a code that the database stores. When the person needs to be identified, the system will take the information about the person again, translates this new information with the algorithim, and then compares the new code with the ones in the database to discover a match and hence, identification.
What is Biometrics?
Biometrics is a technology that is used in the security industry and is integrated with other authentication applications and technologies, like domain access, single sign-on, smart cards, encryption, remote access, and digital signatures. Biometrics authenticates you based on your unique physical body demographics or your behavioral characteristics. In other words, you can consider yourself as your password. Biometrics gives you an alternative and higher security compared to passwords or pin identification due to the fact that passwords and pin #’s can easily be compromised.
Types of Biometrics Systems
Biometrics comes in several different security solutions. We’ve divided them based on whether the biometrics solution is a physical attribute and a characteristic attribute.
Physical Attributes
o Ear Recognition
o Face Recognition
o Finger Geometry Recognition
o Fingerprint Recognition
o Hand Geometry Recognition
o Iris Recognition
o Retina Recognition
Characteristic Attributes
o Gait Recognition
o Odor Recognition
o Signature Recognition
o Typing Recognition
o Voice Recognition
These are most of the biometrics solutions that are available today. How do you know which one you should choose? This question really depends on many factors such as, the purpose of needing this type of security, the cost that is associated to implementing and maintain a biometrics solution, the requirements that have been opposed on you, the accuracy and the complexity of implementing such a security solution.
Biometrics Basic Components and Processes
Biometric systems convert data derived from behavioral or physiological characteristics into templates, which are used for subsequent matching. This is a multi-stage process whose stages are described below.
Enrollment - The process whereby a user’s initial biometric sample or samples are collected, assessed, processed, and stored for ongoing use in a biometric system. Enrollment takes place in both 1:1 and 1:N systems. If users are experiencing problems with a biometric system, they may need to re-enroll to gather higher quality data.
Submission - The process whereby a user provides behavioral or physiological data in the form of biometric samples to a biometric system. A submission may require looking in the direction of a camera or placing a finger on a platen. Depending on the biometric system, a user may have to remove eyeglasses, remain still for a number of seconds, or recite a pass phrase in order to provide a biometric sample.
Acquisition device – The hardware used to acquire biometric samples. The following acquisition devices are associated with each biometric technology:
Technology -Acquisition Device
Fingerprint -Desktop peripheral, PCMCIA card, mouse, chip or reader embedded in keyboard
Voice recognition -Microphone, telephone
Facial recognition -Video camera, PC camera, single-image camera
Iris recognition -Infrared-enabled video camera, PC camera
Retina-scan -Proprietary desktop or wall-mountable unit
Hand geometry -Proprietary wall-mounted unit
Signature verification -Signature tablet, motion-sensitive stylus
Keystroke biometrics -Keyboard or keypad
Biometric sample - The identifiable, unprocessed image or recording of a physiological or behavioral characteristic, acquired during submission, used to generate biometric templates. Also referred to as biometric data. The following sample types are associated with each biometric technology:
Technology -Biometric Sample
Fingerprint -Fingerprint image
Voice recognition -Voice recording
Facial recognition -Facial Image
Iris recognition -Iris Image
Retina-scan -Retina Image
Hand geometry-3-D image of top and sides of hand and fingers
Signature verification-Image of signature and record of related dynamics measurements
Keystroke biometrics -Recording of characters typed and record of related dynamics measurements
Feature extraction - The automated process of locating and encoding distinctive characteristics from a biometric sample in order to generate a template. The feature extraction process may include various degrees of image or sample processing in order to locate a sufficient amount of accurate data. For example, voice recognition technologies can filter out certain frequencies and patterns, and fingerprint technologies can thin the ridges present in a fingerprint image to the width of a single pixel. Furthermore, if the sample provided is inadequate to perform feature extraction, the biometric system will generally instruct the user to provide another sample, often with some type of advice or feedback.
The manner in which biometric systems extract features is a closely guarded secret, and varies from vendor to vendor. Common physiological and behavioral characteristics used in feature extraction include the following:
Technology -Feature Extracted
Fingerprint -Location and direction of ridge endings and bifurcations on fingerprint
Voice recognition -Frequency, cadence and duration of vocal pattern
Facial recognition-Relative position and shape of nose, position of cheekbones
Iris recognition -Furrows and striations in iris
Retina-scan -Blood vessel patterns on retina
Hand-scan -Height and width of bones and joints in hands and fingers
Signature verification -Speed, stroke order, pressure, and appearance of signature
Keystroke biometrics -Keyed sequence, duration between characters
Template – A comparatively small but highly distinctive file derived from the features of a user’s biometric sample or samples,used to perform biometric matches. A template is created after a biometric algorithm locates features in a biometric sample.The concept of the template is one of biometric technology’s defining elements, although not all biometric systems use templates to perform biometric matching: some voice recognition system utilize the original sample to perform a comparison.
Depending on when they are generated, templates can be referred to as enrollment templates or verification templates.Enrollment templates are created upon the user’s initial interaction with a biometric system, and are stored for usage in future biometric comparisons. Verification templates are generated during subsequent verification attempts, compared to the stored template, and generally discarded after the comparison. Multiple samples may be used to generate an enrollment template – facial recognition, for example, will utilize several facial images to generate an enrollment template. Verification templates are normally derived from a single sample – a template derived from a single facial image can be compared to the enrollment template to determine the degree of similarity.
Just as the feature extraction process is a closely held secret, the manner in which information is organized and stored in the template is proprietary to biometric vendors. Biometric templates are not interoperable – a template generated in vendor A’s fingerprint system cannot be compared to a template generated in vendor B’s fingerprint system.
BIOMETRICS SYSTEMS-2
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